Polymerization of vinyl chloride with 1, 1, 1-tribromo-2-methylpropanol-2 modifier



United States Patent POLYNIERIZATIGN 0F VEI'QYL CHLORIDE WITH 1,1,l-TRIBRQMfi-Z-VETHYLPROPANOL-2 MODI- FTER Dexter C. Seymour, Wyckofi, N. 1., assignor to United States Rubber Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey No Erawing. Application November 26, 1952, Serial No. 322,807

4 Claims. (Ci. 260-928) This invention relates to the polymerization of vinyl chloride, and more particularly to the production of polyvinyl chloride of lower molecular weight.

Polyvinyl chloride resins enjoy a reputation for toughness and durability. One of the principal difficulties in adapting these resins for many applications resides in their high softening temperature. For example, if it is desired to mill polyvinyl chloride into thin sheets, the milling temperatures necessary are quite high, i. e., from 300 F. to 340 F. These high temperatures increase the difficulties in processing the resins. A further difficulty encountered during high temperature processing of polyvinyl chloride is a tendency of the resin to decompose. Various stabilizers, e. g., zinc stearate, cadmium stearate, alkyl tin compounds, are commonly added to the polyvinyl chloride to prevent thermal decomposition, but these compounds are effective in retarding decomposition for only a limited time at the temperatures employed. Another undesirable characteristic of polyvinyl chloride resins is their low solubility in readily available solvents. These disadvantages may be overcome by producing polyvinyl chloride of lower molecular weight.

I have discovered that when vinyl chloride is polymerized in the presence of a small amount of 1,1,1-tribromo-Z-methylpropanol-Z the molecular weight of the resultant polyvinyl chloride is lower than in polymerization without the l,1,1-tribromo-2-methylpropanol-2. The 1,l,l-tribromo-2-methylpropanol-2 acts as a molecular weight modifier or regulator, and the molecular weight of the resultant polyvinyl chloride is lower, the higher the amount of 1,1,l-tribromo-2-methylpropanol-2 employed. Further, the average molecular weight of the polymer remains essentially constant over the whole course of the polymerization. Thus, a polyvinyl chloride of any desired average molecular weight and with uniform properties may be prepared simply by adjusting the amount of regulator added to the vinyl chloride monomer.

The range of 1,1,l-tribromo-2-methylpropanol-2 used in the present invention may be from 0.1 to 8% based on the vinyl chloride monomer depending on the molecular weight of the polyvinyl chloride desired. Generally not more than 6% of 1,1,l-tribromo-2-methylpropanol-2 will be used. All parts and percentages referred to herein are by weight.

The 1,l,l-tribromo-2 methylpropanol-2 may be used as a molecular weight regulator for vinyl chloride in the various conventional methods of polymerization, viz. bulk or mass or so-called oil-phase polymerization of the liquefied vinyl chloride; solution polymerization where the vinyl chloride is dissolved in a solvent; suspension or head or granular polymerization where the vinyl chloride is suspended in the form of large droplets and agitated in an aqueous medium generally containing a nonemulsifying suspending agent such as protein or gum; and emulsion polymerization where the vinyl chloride is emulsified in water by means of a surface-active emulsifying agent. Details of these methods of polymerization generally are found in Unit Processes in Organic Synice thesis by F. H. Groggins, Third Edition, pages 847-858 (published by McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1947) and details of the methods of polymerization specifically directed to vinyl chloride are found in Vinyl and Related Polymers by C. E. Schildknecht, pages 392-398 (published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1952). The regulator of the present invention as suggested above, is preferably added to the monomer charge before initiation of polymerization in order to obtain the most uniform properties in the polyvinyl chloride product of the polymerization, but, if desired, the vinyl chloride polymerization may be initiated and partially carried out in the absence of the regulator to give a conventional high molecular weight to the polymer thus formed in the first part of the polymerization, and thereafter the regulator may be added to the partially polymerized reaction mixture to give a lower molecular weight to that portion of the polyvinyl chloride formed later in the presence of the regulator of the present invention.

The polymerization reaction is carried out at 25 C. to 60 C. in the presence of a conventional free radical type polymerization initiator, such as a peroxygen or azo catalyst. Examples of peroxygen catalysts are inorganic peroxides, e. g., hydrogen peroxide and persalts, such as alkali persulfates, alkali perborates, alkali percarbonates; and organic peroxides, e. g., diacetyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, acetyl benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Examples of azo catalysts are alpha, alpha-azobisisobutyronitrile, and p-methoxybenzene diazo thio-2-naphthyl ether. Catalytic amounts from 0.05% to 2% based on the vinyl chloride monomer may be used.

In the following examples which illustrate the invention, diiferences in molecular weight of various vinyl chloride polymers are shown by difierences in the intrinsic viscosities of the polymers, the lower the molecular weight, the lower will be the intrinsic viscosity. The intrinsic viscosities in the examples were obtained from viscosity measurements at 30 C. of cyclohexanone solutions of the vinyl chloride polymers and of the cyclohexanone solvent. The intrinsic viscosity [1 is defined by the equation:

lim 1l=c 0 where 1 is relative viscosity (i. e. viscosity of the solution of polymer relative to that of the solvent), and c is concentration of polymer in grams per cc., the concentration selected being such that 1 has a value of from 1.15 to 1.4. Intrinsic viscosity may also be defined by the equation:

lim

where 1 is specific viscosity, and n =n 1, and 1 and c are as in the formula first above.

EXAMPLE I Into each of two pressure tubes was Weighed 0.27 g. of alpha,alpha'-azobisisobutyronitrile. The tubes were cooled to Dry Ice temperature (77 C.) and in one was placed 1.0 g. (2 mole-% 0n the vinyl chloride to be added) of 1,1,l-tribromo-Z-methylpropanol-2. The other tube served as a control. The tubes were sealed to the vacuum line, the pressure therein Was lowered to 10- mm. and 9.97 g. (0.160 moles) of vinyl chloride was distilled into each tube. After being frozen in liquid nitrogen, each tube was sealed ofi and heated at 30 C. for 3.5 hours. After the heating step, the unreacted vinyl chloride in each tube was measured and the conversion of monomer to polymer was calculated. The polymer in each tube was isolated and, after it had been washed several times with methanol, its intrinsic viscosity was measured.

The intrinsic viscosity of the control polyvinyl chloride which was at 11.5% conversion was 1.8, whereas the intrinsic viscosity of the polyvinyl chloride polymerized in the presence of the 1,1,1-tribromo-2-methylpropanol-Z which was at 5.8%conversion was 0.11.

In view of the many changes and modifications that may be made without departing from the principles underlying the invention, reference should be made to the appended claims 'for an understanding of the scope of r the protection afforded the invention.

'Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:

1. The method which comprises polymerizing vinyl chloride at 25 C. to. 60 C. in the presence of a free radical producing ,polymerization'initiator and 0.1% to 8%, based on the weight of the vinyl chloride monomer, of 1,1,1-tribromo-Z-rhethylpropanol-Z.

2. The method which comprises polymerizing 'vinyl chloride at 25 C. to 60 C. in an aqueous medium in chloride which comprises polymerizing vinyl chloride at 25 C. to 60 C. in non-emulsified aqueous suspension in the presence of a free radical producingpolymerization initiator and 0.1% to 8 based on the weight of the vinyl chloride monomer, of '1,1,l-tribromo-Z-methylpropanol-2.

References Cited in the file of this patent FOREIGN PATENTS 923,547 France July 9, 1947 

3. A PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE LATEX WHICH COMPRISES POLYMERIZING VINYL CHLORIDE AT 25*C. TO 60*C. IN AQUEOUS EMULSION IN THE PRESENCE OF A FREE RADICAL PRODUCING POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR AND 0.1% TO 8%, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER, OF 1,1,1-TRIBROMO-2-METHYLPROPANOL-2. 